Miscegenation

==**Miscegenation** is a term invented in 1863 to describe people of different human [|races] (usually one [|European] and one [|African]) producing offspring; the use of this term is invariably restricted to those who believe that the category [|race] is meaningful when applied to human beings. In modern usage, the term is only common among those who believe that such "race mixing" is inherently bad.==



An example of how miscegenation laws were enacted can be seen during the [|1930s], when the racist and [|Anti-Semitic] [|Nuremberg Laws] enacted by the [|Nazis] in [|Germany] against the large German [|Jewish] community, forbidding marriages between the Jews (deemed as //[|Untermenschen]// - "lower people") and German [|Aryans] (deemed the //[|Übermenschen]// - "higher people"). Many interfaith and intermarried couples committed suicide when these laws came into effect.

The word "Miscegenation" was coined in an anonymous pamphlet printed in [|New York City] in late [|1863], entitled //"Miscegenation: The Theory of the Blending of the Races, Applied to the American White Man and Negro"//. As the pamphlet noted, the term was coined from two words of the [|Latin language], //miscere// (to mix) and //genus// (race). The pamphlet argued in favor of "interbreeding" of "White" and [|African Americans] until the races were indistinguishably mixed, and claimed that this was the goal of the [|United States Republican Party]. The real authors were David Goodman Croly, managing editor of the //[|New York World]//, a [|Democratic Party] paper, and George Wakeman, a World reporter. The pamphlet was soon exposed as an attempt to discredit the Republicans, the [|Abraham Lincoln] administration, and the [|abolitionist movement]. Nonetheless, this pamphlet and variations on it were reprinted widely in communities on both sides of the [|American Civil War] by opponents of the Republicans.

The word //miscegenation// entered the language in the [|Southern USA]. For a century, it was common for white southern advocates of the social status-quo to accuse advocates of the elimination of [|slavery], and later the advocates of [|civil rights] for African Americans, of actually having the goal of miscegenation and the "destruction of the white race." One important strategy intended to discourage the practice was the promulgation of the [|one drop theory], which held that any person with so much as "one drop" of African "blood" must be regarded as "black." After [|World War II], many white southerners accused the [|US civil rights movement] of [|Martin Luther King] of being a [|Communist] plot funded by the [|U.S.S.R.] in order to destroy the United States through miscegenation.

In most of the southern states, various laws were passed making it illegal for members of different races to marry; these were known as **miscegenation laws**, like the [|South African] [|Immorality Act]. Interracial marriage was prohibited by state laws, the constitutionality of which was upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in "Pace v. Alabama" (1883). That decision was not overturned until the [|United States Supreme Court] ruled in "[|Loving v. Virginia]" (1967). At that time, 16 states still had laws prohibiting interracial marriage.

Typically a felony, miscegenation laws prohibited the solemnization of weddings between races and prohibited the officiating of such ceremonies. Sometimes the individuals attempting to marry would not be held guilty of miscegenation itself, but felony charges of [|adultery] or [|fornication] would be leveled against them instead.

While miscegenation laws were ruled unconstitutional in the United States by the Supreme Court in 1967, those laws were not completely repealed in individual states until November 2000 when Alabama became the last state to repeal its law. In November 2000, after a statewide vote in a special election, Alabama became the last state to overturn a ban on interracial marriage. The one-time home of George Wallace and Martin Luther King Jr. had held onto the provision for 33 years after the Supreme Court declared anti-miscegenation laws unconstitutional. However, forty percent of Alabamans voted to keep the ban.